Hosea 3 – “Hosea’s Prostitute”

Hosea pays a prostitute to abstain from sex in order to convey the message that the Israelites will return to Yahweh.

II. Photo
Hosea hires a prostitute: “Then I hired her for fifteen [shekels of] silver, a homer of barley, and a lethech of barley” (v. 2)

III. Important Verses
(the entire chapter)
vv. 1-5: The LORD said to me further, “Go, befriend a woman who, while befriended by a companion, consorts with others, just as the LORD befriends the Israelites, but they turn to other gods and love the cups of the grape.” Then I hired her for fifteen [shekels of] silver, a homer of barley, and a lethech of barley; and I stipulated with her, “In return, you are to go a long time without either fornicating or marrying; even I [shall not cohabit] with you.” For the Israelites shall go a long time without king and without officials, without sacrifice and without cult pillars, and without ephod and teraphim. Afterward, the Israelites will turn back and will seek the LORD their God and David their king — and they will thrill over the LORD and over His bounty in the days to come.

IV. Outline
1. God tells Hosea to find a promiscuous woman
2-3. Metaphor: Hosea tells the woman to abstain from sex
4. Lesson: Israel will be without civil and religious infrastructure
5. The people will return to God

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Photo taken from http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_mfIXg7TGqPw/TC4-Lf1vIEI/AAAAAAAAGpM/Xvm8oj3B2UQ/s1600/Barley+Salad+005.jpg

Hosea 2 – “The Consequences of Israel’s Adultery”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Yahweh testifies against Israel, promises to punish it, and vows to renew his marriage to it.

II. Photo
God testifies against his wife: “And she did not consider this: It was I who bestowed on her the new grain and wine and oil!” (v. 10a)

III. Important Verses
4-7: Rebuke your mother, rebuke her — For she is not My wife And I am not her husband — And let her put away her harlotry from her face And her adultery from between her breasts. Else will I strip her naked And leave her as on the day she was born: And I will make her like a wilderness, Render her like desert land, And let her die of thirst. I will also disown her children; For they are now a harlot’s brood, In that their mother has played the harlot, She that conceived them has acted shamelessly — Because she thought, “I will go after my lovers, Who supply my bread and my water, My wool and my linen, My oil and my drink.”
10-11: And she did not consider this: It was I who bestowed on her The new grain and wine and oil; I who lavished silver on her And gold — which they used for Baal. Assuredly, I will take back My new grain in its time And My new wine in its season, And I will snatch away My wool and My linen That serve to cover her nakedness.
14-15: I will lay waste her vines and her fig trees, Which she thinks are a fee She received from her lovers; I will turn them into brushwood, And beasts of the field shall devour them. Thus will I punish her For the days of the Baalim, On which she brought them offerings; When, decked with earrings and jewels, She would go after her lovers, Forgetting Me — declares the LORD.
18-19: And in that day — declares the LORD — ¶ You will call [Me] Ishi, And no more will you call Me Baali. For I will remove the names of the Baalim from her mouth, And they shall nevermore be mentioned by name.

IV. Outline
1-3. Israel and Judah will one day call each other “my people” and “lovingly accepted”
4-7. Declaration: Israel was adulterous
8-15. God will ruin Israel’s agriculture because they turned to Baal
16-25. Israel will once again become God’s wife

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Photo taken from http://en.wikivisual.com/images/a/a6/US_long_grain_rice.jpg

Hosea 1 – “Hosea’s Children”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Hosea begets three children with a prostitute named Gomer and names them Jezreel, “not pitied,” and “not my nation” because Samaria will fall in Jezreel, is not pitied by Yahweh, and is not Yahweh’s nation.

II. Photo
God has a message for Hosea: ““Go, get yourself a wife of whoredom and children of whoredom; for the land will stray from following the Lord.” (v. 2b)

III. Important Verses
1: The word of the LORD that came to Hosea son of Beeri, in the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah of Judah, and in the reign of King Jeroboam son of Joash of Israel.
2-4: When the LORD first spoke to Hosea, the LORD said to Hosea, “Go, get yourself a wife of whoredom and children of whoredom; for the land will stray from following the LORD.” So he went and married Gomer daughter of Diblaim. She conceived and bore him a son, and the LORD instructed him, “Name him Jezreel; for, I will soon punish the House of Jehu for the bloody deeds at Jezreel and put an end to the monarchy of the House of Israel.
6-9: She conceived again and bore a daughter; and He said to him, “Name her Lo-ruhamah; for I will no longer accept the House of Israel or pardon them. (But I will accept the House of Judah. And I will give them victory through the LORD their God; I will not give them victory with bow and sword and battle, by horses and riders.)” After weaning Lo-ruhamah, she conceived and bore a son. Then He said, “Name him Lo-ammi; for you are not My people, and I will not be your [God].”

IV. Outline
1. Introduction to the book
2a. Superscription
2b. God tells Hosea to beget children with a prostitute
3. Hosea marries Gomer who gives birth to a son
3-5. God tells Hosea to name him Jezreel, the place where Israel will be defeated
6a. Hosea and Gomer have a daughter
6b. God tells Hosea to name her “not pitied”
7. Judah will be spared
8a. Hosea and Gomer have a son
8b. God tells Hosea to name him “not my nation”

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Photo taken from http://www.lifeinitaly.com/files/iStock_000001941981Small.jpg

Ezekiel 39 – “Doom for Gog – Part II”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Gog’s soldiers will be buried for seven months, the birds will feast on the remains, and God will establish Israel in its land.

II. Photo
The birds will feast: “And you, O mortal, say to every winged bird and to all the wild beasts: Thus said the Lord God: Assemble, come and gather from all around for the sacrificial feast that I am preparing for you — a great sacrificial feast — upon the mountains of Israel, and eat flesh and drink blood!” (v. 17)

III. Important Verses
3-5: I will strike your bow from your left hand and I will loosen the arrows from your right hand. You shall fall on the mountains of Israel, you and all your battalions and the peoples who are with you; and I will give you as food to carrion birds of every sort and to the beasts of the field, as you lie in the open field. For I have spoken — declares the Lord GOD.
9-10: Then the inhabitants of the cities of Israel will go out and make fires and feed them with the weapons — shields and bucklers, bows and arrows, clubs and spears; they shall use them as fuel for seven years. They will not gather firewood in the fields or cut any in the forests, but will use the weapons as fuel for their fires. They will despoil those who despoiled them and plunder those who plundered them — declares the Lord GOD.
11-12: On that day I will assign to Gog a burial site there in Israel — the Valley of the Travelers, east of the Sea. It shall block the path of travelers, for there Gog and all his multitude will be buried. It shall be called the Valley of Gog’s Multitude. The House of Israel shall spend seven months burying them, in order to cleanse the land.
17-20: And you, O mortal, say to every winged bird and to all the wild beasts: Thus said the Lord GOD: Assemble, come and gather from all around for the sacrificial feast that I am preparing for you — a great sacrificial feast — upon the mountains of Israel, and eat flesh and drink blood. You shall eat the flesh of warriors and drink the blood of the princes of the earth: rams, lambs, he-goats, and bulls — fatlings of Bashan all of them. You shall eat fat to satiety and drink your fill of blood from the sacrificial feast that I have prepared for you. And you shall sate yourselves at My table with horses, charioteers, warriors, and all fighting men — declares the Lord GOD.

IV. Outline
1a. Introduction
1b-5. Gog’s soldiers will die in the hills of Israel
6. Doom for Magog
7. Recognition of God formula
8-10. Israel will use Gog’s weapons as firewood
11-16. The people will bury Gog’s dead for seven months
17-20. The birds will feast on the dead soldiers
21-24. Recognition of God formula: the reason for God’s punishing Israel
25-29. God will restore Israel in its land

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Allen, Leslie C. “Ezekiel 1-19” Word Biblical Commentary vol. 28 (Waco, Texas: Wordbook, 1994).
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Hals, Ronald M. “Ezekiel” The forms of the Old Testament Literature vol. 19 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1989)
Photo taken from http://www.southafrica.to/transport/Airlines/cheapest-flight-survey/2008/Thabazimbi_vultures.jpg

Ezekiel 38 – “Doom for Gog”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
God will send Gog’s army to Israel and destroy it there.

II. Photo
God will bring an earthquake to the land: “On that day, a terrible earthquake shall befall the land of Israel.” (v. 19b)

III. Important Verses
4: I will turn you around and put hooks in your jaws, and lead you out with all your army, horses, and horsemen, all of them clothed in splendor, a vast assembly, all of them with bucklers and shields, wielding swords.
8-9: After a long time you shall be summoned; in the distant future you shall march against the land [of a people] restored from the sword, gathered from the midst of many peoples — against the mountains of Israel, which have long lain desolate — [a people] liberated from the nations, and now all dwelling secure. You shall advance, coming like a storm; you shall be like a cloud covering the earth, you and all your cohorts, and the many peoples with you.
11-12: You will say, “I will invade a land of open towns, I will fall upon a tranquil people living secure, all of them living in unwalled towns and lacking bars and gates, in order to take spoil and seize plunder” — to turn your hand against repopulated wastes, and against a people gathered from among nations, acquiring livestock and possessions, living at the center of the earth.
21-23: I will then summon the sword against him throughout My mountains — declares the Lord GOD — and every man’s sword shall be turned against his brother. I will punish him with pestilence and with bloodshed; and I will pour torrential rain, hailstones, and sulfurous fire upon him and his hordes and the many peoples with him. Thus will I manifest My greatness and My holiness, and make Myself known in the sight of many nations. And they shall know that I am the LORD.

IV. Outline
1-3a. Introduction
3b-9. Gog will advance with its troops against Israel
10-13. Gog will decide to take the spoils of Israel
14-18. Gog will be used to show God’s glory
19-20. Natural disasters
21-23a. God will destroy the army
23b. Recognition of God formula

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Allen, Leslie C. “Ezekiel 1-19” Word Biblical Commentary vol. 28 (Waco, Texas: Wordbook, 1994).
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Hals, Ronald M. “Ezekiel” The forms of the Old Testament Literature vol. 19 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1989)
Photo taken from http://www.solarroadways.com/images/faq/earthquake%20road%20damage%203.jpg

Ezekiel 37 – “Symbolic Actions: Reviving the Dry Bones and Combining the Sticks”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
God demonstrates his commitment to restoring the people by having Ezekiel resurrect a pile of dry bones. He also tells Ezekiel to take two sticks, one representing Judah and the other Israel, and promises to unite the two.

II. Photo
Ezekiel revives the dry bones: “And while I was prophesying, suddenly there was a sound of rattling, and the bones came together, bone to matching bone.” (v. 7b)

III. Important Verses
1-6: The hand of the LORD came upon me. He took me out by the spirit of the LORD and set me down in the valley. It was full of bones. He led me all around them; there were very many of them spread over the valley, and they were very dry. He said to me, “O mortal, can these bones live again?” I replied, “O Lord GOD, only You know.” And He said to me, “Prophesy over these bones and say to them: O dry bones, hear the word of the LORD! Thus said the Lord GOD to these bones: I will cause breath to enter you and you shall live again. I will lay sinews upon you, and cover you with flesh, and form skin over you. And I will put breath into you, and you shall live again. And you shall know that I am the LORD!”
11-12: And He said to me, “O mortal, these bones are the whole House of Israel. They say, ‘Our bones are dried up, our hope is gone; we are doomed.’ Prophesy, therefore, and say to them: Thus said the Lord GOD: I am going to open your graves and lift you out of the graves, O My people, and bring you to the land of Israel.
16-17: And you, O mortal, take a stick and write on it, “Of Judah and the Israelites associated with him”; and take another stick and write on it, “Of Joseph — the stick of Ephraim — and all the House of Israel associated with him.” Bring them close to each other, so that they become one stick, joined together in your hand.
24: My servant David shall be king over them; there shall be one shepherd for all of them. They shall follow My rules and faithfully obey My laws.

IV. Outline

1-14. Vision Report / Report of a Symbolic Action: The Valley of Dry Bones
    1a. Superscription
    1b-6. God sends Ezekiel to prophesy to the dry bones
    7-8. The bones grow flesh
    9. God sends Ezekiel to prophesy to the bodies
    10. The bodies begin to breathe
    11-14a. God explains the symbolic action
    14b. Postscript
15-28. Report of a Symbolic Action: The sticks of Judah and Israel
    15. Superscript
    16-17. Ezekiel is to bring two sticks
    18-23. Ezekiel’s message to the people: God will reunite Judah with Israel
    24-25. The people will serve God under the house of David
    26-27. God will establish a covenant with Israel
    28. Recognition of God formula: the nations will know God

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

Ezekiel 36 – “God Will Restore Israel For His Own Sake”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
God vows to restore Israel so that he can impress the nations of the world.

II. Photo
God will cleanse the people: “I will sprinkle clean water upon you, and you shall be clean: I will cleanse you from all your uncleanness and from all your fetishes.” (v. 25)

III. Important Verses
2: Thus said the Lord GOD: Because the enemy gloated over you, “Aha! Those ancient heights have become our possession!”
13-15: Thus said the Lord GOD: Because they say to you, “You are [a land] that devours men, you have been a bereaver of your nations,” assuredly, you shall devour men no more, you shall never again bereave your nations — declares the Lord GOD. No more will I allow the jibes of the nations to be heard against you, no longer shall you suffer the taunting of the peoples; and never again shall you cause your nations to stumble — declares the Lord GOD.
20-24: But when they came to those nations, they caused My holy name to be profaned, in that it was said of them, “These are the people of the LORD, yet they had to leave His land.” Therefore I am concerned for My holy name, which the House of Israel have caused to be profaned among the nations to which they have come. Say to the House of Israel: Thus said the Lord GOD: Not for your sake will I act, O House of Israel, but for My holy name, which you have caused to be profaned among the nations to which you have come. I will sanctify My great name which has been profaned among the nations — among whom you have caused it to be profaned. And the nations shall know that I am the LORD — declares the Lord GOD — when I manifest My holiness before their eyes through you. I will take you from among the nations and gather you from all the countries, and I will bring you back to your own land.
35-36: And men shall say, “That land, once desolate, has become like the garden of Eden; and the cities, once ruined, desolate, and ravaged, are now populated and fortified.” And the nations that are left around you shall know that I the LORD have rebuilt the ravaged places and replanted the desolate land. I the LORD have spoken and will act.

IV. Outline

1-15. Oracle #1: The mountains of Israel will prosper once again
    1-2a. Superscription: prophecy for the mountains of Israel
    2b. Israel will capture its enemy’s mountains
    3-7. Israel’s neighbors will suffer disgrace
    8-11a. God will make the hills of Israel greater than before
    11b. Recognition of God formula
    12. Israel will return to its mountains
    13-15a. Israel will no longer be  a byword for the nations
    15b. Postscript
16-38. Oracle #2: God will restore Israel for his own sake
    16. Superscription
    17-23. Rationale for action
        17-19. God punished Israel and sent it into exile
        20-21. Israel’s being in exile profanes God’s name
        22-23. God will act for his own sake
    24-27. God will return the people to the land and invigorate them
    28. The relationship between Israel and God
    29-30. Prosperity in the land
    31. The people will return to God
    32. God will act for his own sake
    33-34. The land will be repopulated
    35-36a. The nations will be impressed with God’s actions
    (36b. Postscript)
    37-38a. Jerusalem will be filled with people and sacrifice
    38b. Postscript

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

Ezekiel 35 – “Doom for Edom”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
God vows to destroy Edom because it supported Jerusalem’s downfall.

II. Photo
God gives Ezekiel his mission: “O mortal, set your face against Mount Seir and prophesy against it.” (v. 2)

III. Important Verses
4-6: will turn your towns into ruins, and you shall be a desolation; then you shall know that I am the LORD. Because you harbored an ancient hatred and handed the people of Israel over to the sword in their time of calamity, the time set for their punishment — assuredly, as I live, declares the Lord GOD, I will doom you with blood; blood shall pursue you; I swear that, for your bloodthirsty hatred, blood shall pursue you.
8: I will cover its mountains with the slain; men slain by the sword shall lie on your hills, in your valleys, and in all your watercourses.
10-13: Because you thought “The two nations and the two lands shall be mine and we shall possess them” — although the LORD was there — assuredly, as I live, declares the Lord GOD, I will act with the same anger and passion that you acted with in your hatred of them. And I will make Myself known through them when I judge you. You shall know that I the LORD have heard all the taunts you uttered against the hills of Israel: “They have been laid waste; they have been given to us as prey.” And you spoke arrogantly against Me and multiplied your words against Me: I have heard it.

IV. Outline
1-3a. Superscription: prophecy for Edom
3b-4a. God will destroy the region of Mount Seir
4b. Recognition of God formula
5. Edom’s sin: aiding in Israel’s downfall
6. Edom’s punishment: blood (“dam” in Hebrew).
7-9a. God will destroy the region of Mount Seir
9b. Recognition of God Formula
10. Edom’s greedy thoughts
11. God will give Edom its due
12-13. God knows Edom’s aspirations
14-15a. God will destroy Edom
15b. Recognition of God formula

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

Ezekiel 34 – “Replacing Israel’s Leaders; Prophecy of Prosperity”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
God will replace Israel’s leaders, gather in the exiles, and bring prosperity to the land.

II. Photo
God addresses Israel’s leaders: “Ah, you shepherds of Israel, who have been tending yourselves! Is it not the flock that the shepherds ought to tend?” (v. 2b)

III. Important Verses
2b-6: To the shepherds: Thus said the Lord GOD: Ah, you shepherds of Israel, who have been tending yourselves! Is it not the flock that the shepherds ought to tend? You partake of the fat, you clothe yourselves with the wool, and you slaughter the fatlings; but you do not tend the flock. You have not sustained the weak, healed the sick, or bandaged the injured; you have not brought back the strayed, or looked for the lost; but you have driven them with harsh rigor, and they have been scattered for want of anyone to tend them; scattered, they have become prey for every wild beast. My sheep stray through all the mountains and over every lofty hill; My flock is scattered all over the face of the earth, with none to take thought of them and none to seek them.
11-15: For thus said the Lord GOD: Here am I! I am going to take thought for My flock and I will seek them out. As a shepherd seeks out his flock when some [animals] in his flock have gotten separated, so I will seek out My flock, I will rescue them from all the places to which they were scattered on a day of cloud and gloom. I will take them out from the peoples and gather them from the countries, and I will bring them to their own land, and will pasture them on the mountains of Israel, by the watercourses and in all the settled portions of the land. I will feed them in good grazing land, and the lofty hills of Israel shall be their pasture. There, in the hills of Israel, they shall lie down in a good pasture and shall feed on rich grazing land. I Myself will graze My flock, and I Myself will let them lie down — declares the Lord GOD.
23: Then I will appoint a single shepherd over them to tend them — My servant David. He shall tend them, he shall be a shepherd to them.

IV. Outline

    1-24a. Oracle #1: God will replace Israel’s leaders
        1-2a. Superscription: Prophecy to the “shepherds of Israel”
        2b-6. The “shepherds” have been neglecting the people’s needs
        7-10. Judgment speech
            7-10a. God addresses the “shepherds”
            10b. God will remove the shepherds from their post
        11-16. God will bring the “flock” to Israel and tend to it
        17-22. God will judge between the righteous and unrighteous “animals”
        23-24a. David will be the new shepherd and God will be the flock’s deity
        24b. Postscript
    25-30. Oracle #2: God will bring prosperity
        25-27a. God will bring prosperity to the land
        27b. Recognition of God formula
        28-29. The people will be free of oppression and famine
        30a. Recognition of God formula
        30b. Postscript
    31. Postscript
        31a. Summary statement
        31b. Postscript

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Allen, Leslie C. “Ezekiel 1-19” Word Biblical Commentary vol. 28 (Waco, Texas: Wordbook, 1994).
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Hals, Ronald M. “Ezekiel” The forms of the Old Testament Literature vol. 19 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1989)
Photo taken from http://magdelene.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/800px-rumunia_5806.jpg

Ezekiel 33 – “Individual Responsibility; The Fall of Jerusalem”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
God asserts that individuals are responsible for their actions and that Jerusalem will fall because of its sins.

II. Photo
God likens Ezekiel to a watchman: “When I bring the sword against a country, the citizens of that country take one of their number and appoint him their watchman.” (v. 2b)

III. Important Verses
2-6: O mortal, speak to your fellow countrymen and say to them: When I bring the sword against a country, the citizens of that country take one of their number and appoint him their watchman. Suppose he sees the sword advancing against the country, and he blows the horn and warns the people. If anybody hears the sound of the horn but ignores the warning, and the sword comes and dispatches him, his blood shall be on his own head. Since he heard the sound of the horn but ignored the warning, his bloodguilt shall be upon himself; had he taken the warning, he would have saved his life. But if the watchman sees the sword advancing and does not blow the horn, so that the people are not warned, and the sword comes and destroys one of them, that person was destroyed for his own sins; however, I will demand a reckoning for his blood from the watchman.
17-20: Your fellow countrymen say, “The way of the Lord is unfair.” But it is their way that is unfair! When a righteous man turns away from his righteous deeds and commits iniquity, he shall die for it. And when a wicked man turns back from his wickedness and does what is just and right, it is he who shall live by virtue of these things. And will you say, “The way of the Lord is unfair”? I will judge each one of you according to his ways, O House of Israel!
21-22: In the twelfth year of our exile, on the fifth day of the tenth month, a fugitive came to me from Jerusalem and reported, “The city has fallen.” Now the hand of the LORD had come upon me the evening before the fugitive arrived, and He opened my mouth before he came to me in the morning; thus my mouth was opened and I was no longer speechless.

IV. Outline

1-20. Oracle #1: Responsibility for sin
    1-2a. Superscription
    2b-20. Oracle
        2b-6. The responsibilities of the watchman and the citizens
        7-9. Ezekiel’s responsibility to the wicked
        10-11. God desires repentance
        12-16. Discourse about reward and punishment
        17-20. Disputation: God is fair
            17a. Position of the Israelites
            17b-20. Rebuttal
21-33. Oracle #2: Responsibility for the fall of Jerusalem
    21-23. Superscription
        21a. Historical/geographic introduction
        21b. Messenger report: Jerusalem has fallen
        22-23. God’s oracle from the night before
    24-29. Disputation: The people do not deserve the land
        24. Position of the Israelites: they will possess the land
        25-27. Rebuttal: the Israelites are sinners
        28. God will destroy the land
        29. Recognition of God formula
    30-33. Prophecy: the people will listen to Ezekiel but not heed his message

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Allen, Leslie C. “Ezekiel 1-19” Word Biblical Commentary vol. 28 (Waco, Texas: Wordbook, 1994).
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Hals, Ronald M. “Ezekiel” The forms of the Old Testament Literature vol. 19 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1989)
Photo taken from http://www.acclaimimages.com/_gallery/_free_images/0420-0907-3020-0104_soldier_standing_in_front_of_barbed_wire_using_binoculars_m.jpg