Author: David Z. Moster

2 Chronicles 26 – “Uzziah”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Uzziah defeats his enemies, builds cities, and fortifies the country. He grows haughty, offers incense in the temple, and is struck with leprosy. His son Jotham rules until he dies.

II. Photo
Uzziah arms his men: “Uzziah provided them — the whole army — with shields and spears, and helmets and mail, and bows and slingstones.” (v. 14)

III. Select Verses    
5: He applied himself to the worship of God during the time of Zechariah, instructor in the visions of God; during the time he worshiped the LORD, God made him prosper.

15b: His fame spread far, for he was helped wonderfully, and he became strong.
16-21: When he was strong, he grew so arrogant he acted corruptly: he trespassed against his God by entering the Temple of the LORD to offer incense on the incense altar.  The priest Azariah, with eighty other brave priests of the LORD, followed him in and, confronting King Uzziah, said to him, “It is not for you, Uzziah, to offer incense to the LORD, but for the Aaronite priests, who have been consecrated, to offer incense. Get out of the Sanctuary, for you have trespassed; there will be no glory in it for you from the LORD God.”  Uzziah, holding the censer and ready to burn incense, got angry; but as he got angry with the priests, leprosy broke out on his forehead in front of the priests in the House of the LORD beside the incense altar.  When the chief priest Azariah and all the other priests looked at him, his forehead was leprous, so they rushed him out of there; he too made haste to get out, for the LORD had struck him with a plague.  King Uzziah was a leper until the day of his death. He lived in isolated quarters as a leper, for he was cut off from the House of the LORD — while Jotham his son was in charge of the king’s house and governed the people of the land.

IV. Outline
1. Uzziah becomes king
2. Rebuilding Elath
3. Introductory statement
4-5. Uzziah’s righteousness
6-8. Military victories; building towns
9-10a. Towers in Jerusalem and the wilderness
10b. Cisterns for cattle and farmers
11-13. Uzziah’s army
14. Provisions
15a. Military innovations in Jerusalem
15b. Fame
16-21a. Uzziah’s sin in the temple; Leprosy as punishment
21b. Jotham rules instead of Uzziah
22-23. Summary statement; Death

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
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2 Chronicles 25 – “Amaziah”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Amaziah avenges his father’s death, experiences success in battle, and grows haughty. His army is defeated by the Northern kingdom and he is killed by his subordinates.

II. Photo
Amaziah is in trouble: “A conspiracy was formed against him in Jerusalem, and he fled to Lachish; but they sent men after him to Lachish and they put him to death there.” (v. 27b)

III. Select Verses    
3-4: Once he had the kingdom firmly under control, he executed the courtiers who had assassinated his father the king.  But he did not put their children to death for [he acted] in accordance with what is written in the Teaching, in the Book of Moses, where the LORD commanded, “Parents shall not die for children, nor shall children die for parents, but every person shall die only for his own crime.”
7-9: Then a man of God came to him and said, “O king! Do not let the army of Israel go with you, for the LORD is not with Israel — all these Ephraimites.  But go by yourself and do it; take courage for battle, [else] God will make you fall before the enemy. For in God there is power to help one or make one fall!”  Amaziah said to the man of God, “And what am I to do about the 100 talents I gave for the Israelite force?” The man of God replied, “The LORD has the means to give you much more than that.”
11-12: Amaziah took courage and, leading his army, he marched to the Valley of Salt. He slew 10,000 men of Seir;  another 10,000 the men of Judah captured alive and brought to the top of Sela. They threw them down from the top of Sela and every one of them was burst open
22-23: The men of Judah were routed by Israel, and they all fled to their homes.  King Joash of Israel captured Amaziah son of Joash son of Jehoahaz, king of Judah, in Beth-shemesh. He brought him to Jerusalem and made a breach of 400 cubits in the wall of Jerusalem, from the Ephraim Gate to the Corner Gate.
27-28: From the time that Amaziah turned from following the LORD, a conspiracy was formed against him in Jerusalem, and he fled to Lachish; but they sent men after him to Lachish and they put him to death there. They brought his body back on horses and buried him with his fathers in the city of Judah.

IV. Outline
1. Introduction
2. Partial righteousness
3. Avenging his father’s death
4. Note about retribution
5-6. Amaziah rallies his troops
7-10. Amaziah listens to the prophet and disbands the Ephraimites
11-12. Amaziah is succesful in battle
13. The Ephraimites raid Judah
14. Amaziah worships the gods of Seir
15-16. Amaziah ignores God’s prophet
17-21. Amaziah confronts Joash king of Israel
22. Judah is defeated
23-24. Amaziah is captured; Jerusalem is marred and plundered
25-26. Summary statement
27-28. Conspiracy, coup at Lachish, and royal burial

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Photo copied from
http://www.rootsforhope.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/whisper.jpg

2 Chronicles 24 – “Joash and Jehoiada”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Under the influence of Jehoiada, Joash does what is right in the eyes of the Lord. When Jehoiada dies, Joash follows the advice of wicked counselors, is wounded by the Arameans, and is overthrown by his subordinates.

II. Photo
Money is collected for the temple: “The king ordered that a chest be made and placed on the outside of the gate of the House of the Lord.” (v. 8)

III. Select Verses    
2-5a: Afterward, Joash decided to renovate the House of the LORD. He assembled the priests and the Levites and charged them as follows: “Go out to the towns of Judah and collect money from all Israel for the annual repair of the House of your God. Do it quickly.”
8-10: The king ordered that a chest be made and placed on the outside of the gate of the House of the LORD.  A proclamation was issued in Judah and Jerusalem to bring the tax imposed on Israel in the wilderness by Moses, the servant of God.  All the officers and all the people gladly brought it and threw it into the chest till it was full.
14b-16: Burnt offerings were offered up regularly in the House of the LORD all the days of Jehoiada.  Jehoiada reached a ripe old age and died; he was one hundred and thirty years old at his death.  They buried him in the City of David together with the kings, because he had done good in Israel, and on behalf of God and His House.
17-18: But after the death of Jehoiada, the officers of Judah came, bowing low to the king; and the king listened to them.  They forsook the House of the LORD God of their fathers to serve the sacred posts and idols; and there was wrath upon Judah and Jerusalem because of this guilt of theirs.
22: King Joash disregarded the loyalty that his father Jehoiada had shown to him, and killed his son. As he was dying, he said, “May the LORD see and requite it.”
25: When they withdrew, having left him with many wounds, his courtiers plotted against him because of the murder of the sons of Jehoiada the priest, and they killed him in bed. He died and was buried in the City of David; he was not buried in the tombs of the kings.

IV. Outline

1-27. Joash king of Judah
    1-16. With Jehoiada
        1. Introduction
        2. Righteousness
        3. Wives and children
        4-11. Money is collected for the temple
        12-13. The temple work
        14a. Surplus utensils
        14b. Temple service
        15-16. Jehoiada’s death; Royal burial
    17-27. Without Jehoiada
        17-18a. Wicked counsel and actions
        18b. Divine response
        19. Prophetic warnings
        20-21. Zechariah is harassed
        22. Joash kills Jehoiada’s son
        23-24. Arameans raid the temple and wound Joash
        25. The coup against Joash; Burial
        26. The conspirators
        27. Summary statement

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
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2 Chronicles 23 – “Jehoiada and Joash”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Jehoiada organizes the temple workers, Joash is anointed king, Athaliah is put to death, and the people rejoice.

II. Photo
Athaliah is shocked: “Athaliah rent her garments and cried out, ‘Treason, treason!’”

III. Select Verses    
3: and the entire assembly made a covenant with the king in the House of God. He said to them, “The son of the king shall be king according to the promise the LORD made concerning the sons of David.
9-11: Jehoiada the priest gave the chiefs of the hundreds King David’s spears and shields and quivers that were kept in the House of God. He stationed the entire force, each man with his weapons at the ready, from the south end of the House to the north end of the House, at the altar and the House, to guard the king on every side. Then they brought out the king’s son, and placed upon him the crown and the insignia. They proclaimed him king, and Jehoiada and his sons anointed him and shouted, “Long live the king!”
12-13: When Athaliah heard the shouting of the people and the guards and the acclamation of the king, she came out to the people, to the House of the LORD. She looked about and saw the king standing by his pillar at the entrance, the chiefs with their trumpets beside the king, and all the people of the land rejoicing and blowing trumpets, and the singers with musical instruments leading the hymns. Athaliah rent her garments and cried out, “Treason, treason!”
14-15: Then the priest Jehoiada ordered out the army officers, the chiefs of hundreds, and said to them, “Take her out between the ranks, and if anyone follows her, put him to the sword.” For the priest thought, “Let her not be put to death in the House of the LORD.” They cleared a passage for her and she came to the entrance of the Horse Gate to the royal palace; there she was put to death.
16-17: Then Jehoiada solemnized a covenant between himself and the people and the king that they should be the people of the LORD.  All the people then went to the temple of Baal; they tore it down and smashed its altars and images to bits, and they slew Mattan, the priest of Baal, in front of the altars.
20: He took the chiefs of hundreds, the nobles, and the rulers of the people and all the people of the land, and they escorted the king down from the House of the LORD into the royal palace by the upper gate, and seated the king on the royal throne.

IV. Outline
1-7. Jehoiada conspires with the king, Levites, and priests
8-11. The Levites and the priests publicly anoint the king
12-13. Athaliah’s response
14-15. Athaliah is killed
16. Covenant renewal
17. Destroying the temple of Baal
18-19. Jehoiada organizes the temple
20. The king is brought to his palace
21a. Joy in the land
21b. Summary: Athaliah was killed

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
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2 Chronicles 22 – “Ahaziah; Athaliah and Joash”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Ahaziah rules Judah for one year until he is killed. Athaliah replaces him and attempts to wipe out the legitimate heirs to her throne. She is unaware that Joash is saved by Jehoshabeath.

II. Photo
Jehoshabeath saves Joash: “[She] kept him hidden from Athaliah so that he was not put to death.” (v. 11b)

III. Select Verses    
7-9: The LORD caused the downfall of Ahaziah because he visited Joram. During his visit he went out with Jehoram to Jehu son of Nimshi, whom the LORD had anointed to cut off the house of Ahab. In the course of bringing the house of Ahab to judgment, Jehu came upon the officers of Judah and the nephews of Ahaziah, ministers of Ahaziah, and killed them. He sent in search of Ahaziah, who was caught hiding in Samaria, was brought to Jehu, and put to death. He was given a burial, because it was said, “He is the son of Jehoshaphat who worshiped the LORD wholeheartedly.” So the house of Ahaziah could not muster the strength to rule.
10: When Athaliah, Ahaziah’s mother, learned that her son was dead, she promptly did away with all who were of the royal stock of the house of Judah.
11-12: But Jehoshabeath, daughter of the king, spirited away Ahaziah’s son Joash from among the princes who were being slain, and put him and his nurse in a bedroom. Jehoshabeath, daughter of King Jehoram, wife of the priest Jehoiada — she was the sister of Ahaziah — kept him hidden from Athaliah so that he was not put to death.  He stayed with them for six years, hidden in the House of God, while Athaliah reigned over the land.

IV. Outline

1-9. Ahaziah, king of Judah
    1a. Coronation
    1b. Rationale
    2. Reign
    2-6. Conviction: following in Ahab’s ways, helping Jehoram
    7-9a. Ahaziah’s punishment
    9b. Burial
    9c. Summary statement
10-12. Athaliah, ruler of Judah
    10. Athaliah attempts to kill the royal heirs
    11-12. Jehoshabeath saves Joash and protects him for six years

V. Comment
In v. 10, Athaliah, the new ruler of Judah, attempts to wipe out the Davidic heirs to her throne. It has been suggested that Athaliah, who was the daughter of a king of Israel and not from the Davidic line (see 2 Kgs 8:18 = 2 Chr 21:6), was employing a tactic of legitimation common to the usurpers of the North. For three examples of this practice, see:

  • 1 Kings 15:29 – As soon as he became king, he struck down all the House of Jeroboam; he did not spare a single soul belonging to Jeroboam until he destroyed it — in accordance with the word that the LORD had spoken through His servant, the prophet Ahijah the Shilonite.
  • 1 Kings 16:11 –  No sooner had he become king and ascended the throne than he struck down all the House of Baasha; he did not leave a single male of his, nor any kinsman or friend.
  • 2 Kings 10:17 – Arriving in Samaria, [Jehu] struck down all the survivors of [the House of] Ahab in Samaria, until he wiped it out, fulfilling the word that the LORD had spoken to Elijah.

VI. Works Used
Thiel, W. “Athaliah (Person),” ABD 1:511-512.
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Psalm 88 – “Complaint/Accusation”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
The psalmist laments his fate and accuses God of abandoning him.

II. Photo
The psalmist is haunted by death: “I am a helpless man abandoned among the dead, like bodies lying in the grave of whom you are mindful no more, and who are cut off from your care.” (vv. 5-6)

III. Select Verses    
7-9: You have put me at the bottom of the Pit, in the darkest places, in the depths. Your fury lies heavy upon me; You afflict me with all Your breakers. Selah.  You make my companions shun me; You make me abhorrent to them; I am shut in and do not go out.
11-13: Do You work wonders for the dead? Do the shades rise to praise You? Selah. Is Your faithful care recounted in the grave, Your constancy in the place of perdition? Are Your wonders made known in the netherworld, Your beneficent deeds in the land of oblivion?
14-19: As for me, I cry out to You, O LORD; each morning my prayer greets You. Why, O LORD, do You reject me, do You hide Your face from me? From my youth I have been afflicted and near death; I suffer Your terrors wherever I turn. Your fury overwhelms me; Your terrors destroy me. They swirl about me like water all day long; they encircle me on every side. You have put friend and neighbor far from me and my companions out of my sight.

IV. Outline
1. Superscription
2. Invocation, description of prayer
3. Initial petition
4-6. Complaint
7-10a. Accusation
10b. Description of prayer
11-13. Rhetorical accusation
14. Description of prayer
15-19. Accusation/complaint

V. Comment
Psalm 88, which is perhaps the most hostile psalm in the Psalter, is a complaint/accusation towards God. The psalmist is particularly bothered by the nothingness of death: “I am at the brink of Sheol… I am a helpless man abandoned among the dead, like bodies lying in the grave of whom You are mindful no more, and who are cut off from Your care…. Do You work wonders for the dead? Do the shades rise to praise You? … Is Your faithful care recounted in the grave, Your constancy in the place of perdition? Are Your wonders made known in the netherworld, Your beneficent deeds in the land of oblivion?”

As Gerstenberger notes, Psalm 88 is the only petition/complaint that lacks any elements of praise or hope: “The impression of ‘normality’ disappears when we look at the three successive and increasingly violent complaint segments, hardly interrupted by very short descriptions of praying. At the end, we are stunned by an abrupt and – so it seems – nonliturgical closing line that leaves no room whatsoever for affirmations of confidence, regular petitions and imprecations, vows, or well-wishes.”

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Gerstenberger, Erhard S. “Psalms Part 1 with an Introduction to Cultic Poetry” Forms of Old Testament Literature (Michigan: Eerdmans, 1988).
Tate, Marvin. “Psalms 51-100” Word Biblical Commentary vol. 20 (Waco, Texas: Wordbooks, 1990).
Photo copied from http://www.mierzejewski.net/site_media/picture/p1000355.jpg

Psalm 87 – “Praise for Zion”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
The psalmist praises Zion.

II. Photo
Zion is the city for all people: “Indeed, it shall be said of Zion, ‘Every man was born there!’” (v. 5)

III. Select Verses    
(the entire psalm)
1b-2: The LORD loves the gates of Zion, His foundation on the holy mountains, more than all the dwellings of Jacob.
3: Glorious things are spoken of you, O city of God. Selah.
4-7: I mention Rahab and Babylon among those who acknowledge Me; Philistia, and Tyre, and Cush — each was born there.  Indeed, it shall be said of Zion, “Every man was born there.” He, the Most High, will preserve it. The LORD will inscribe in the register of peoples that each was born there. Selah. Singers and dancers alike [will say]: “All my roots are in You.”

IV. Outline
1a. Superscription
1b-7. Praise/wish for Zion

V. Comment
Tate provides a fitting introduction to this short psalm: “Generally, Psalm 87 is a poem which praises Zion as the city of God and the center of life, eventually at least, for all peoples. This short psalm is, however, full of difficulties, and its exact reading and meaning are uncertain.” (387)

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Gerstenberger, Erhard S. “Psalms Part 1 with an Introduction to Cultic Poetry” Forms of Old Testament Literature (Michigan: Eerdmans, 1988).
Tate, Marvin. “Psalms 51-100” Word Biblical Commentary vol. 20 (Waco, Texas: Wordbooks, 1990).
Photo copied from http://www.idividi.com.mk/zabava/Zanimlivosti/695662/index.html

Psalm 86 – “Petition”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
The psalmist praises God and asks to be saved from his enemies.

II. Photo
The psalmist asks for strength: “Grant your strength to your servant and deliver the son of your maidservant!” (v. 16b)

III. Select Verses    
2-5: Preserve my life, for I am steadfast; O You, my God, deliver Your servant who trusts in You. Have mercy on me, O LORD, for I call to You all day long;  bring joy to Your servant’s life, for on You, LORD, I set my hope. For You, LORD, are good and forgiving, abounding in steadfast love to all who call on You.
8-10: There is none like You among the gods, O LORD, and there are no deeds like Yours. All the nations You have made will come to bow down before You, O LORD, and they will pay honor to Your name. For You are great and perform wonders; You alone are God.
11-12:  Teach me Your way, O LORD; I will walk in Your truth; let my heart be undivided in reverence for Your name. I will praise You, O LORD, my God, with all my heart and pay honor to Your name forever.
14: O God, arrogant men have risen against me; a band of ruthless men seek my life; they are not mindful of You.
16-17: Turn to me and have mercy on me; grant Your strength to Your servant and deliver the son of Your maidservant. Show me a sign of Your favor, that my enemies may see and be frustrated because You, O LORD, have given me aid and comfort.

IV. Outline
1a. Superscription
1b-7. Invocation, petitions
8-10. Hymnic praise/wish/rationale
11a. Theophoric petition
11b-12. Vow to obey/praise
13. Rationale = account of past salvation
14. Complaint
15. Affirmation of confidence
16-17. Petition, imprecation

V. Comment
Psalm 86, which belongs to the petition/complaint genre, exhibits a great degree of righteousness: “I am righteous, I trust in you” (v. 2), “I call to you all day” (v. 3), “bring joy to Your servant’s life, for on You, Lord, I set my hope” (v. 4), “Teach me Your way, O Lord; I will walk in Your truth; let my heart be undivided in reverence for Your name,” (v. 11) etc. The phrase “But You, O Lord, are a God compassionate and merciful, slow to anger, abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness” in v. 15 appears in similar forms throughout the Bible:

  • Ex. 34:6  – The LORD passed before him and proclaimed: “The LORD! the LORD! a God compassionate and gracious, slow to anger, abounding in kindness and faithfulness,
  • Num. 14:18 – ‘The LORD! slow to anger and abounding in kindness; forgiving iniquity and transgression; yet not remitting all punishment, but visiting the iniquity of fathers upon children, upon the third and fourth generations.’
  • Neh. 9:17  – Refusing to obey, unmindful of Your wonders that You did for them, they stiffened their necks, and in their defiance resolved to return to their slavery. But You, being a forgiving God, gracious and compassionate, long-suffering and abounding in faithfulness, did not abandon them.
  • Psa. 103:8 – The LORD is compassionate and gracious, slow to anger, abounding in steadfast love.
  • Psa. 145:8 – The LORD is gracious and compassionate, slow to anger and abounding in kindness.
  • Jonah 4:2 – He prayed to the LORD, saying, “O LORD! Isn’t this just what I said when I was still in my own country? That is why I fled beforehand to Tarshish. For I know that You are a compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in kindness, renouncing punishment.

Gerstenberger notes that the relative stability of this phrase might indicate its liturgical use.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Gerstenberger, Erhard S. “Psalms Part 1 with an Introduction to Cultic Poetry” Forms of Old Testament Literature (Michigan: Eerdmans, 1988).
Tate, Marvin. “Psalms 51-100” Word Biblical Commentary vol. 20 (Waco, Texas: Wordbooks, 1990).
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Psalm 85 – “Petition”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
The psalmist recalls God’s kindness and asks him to revive the people.

II. Photo
Truth and justice unite: “Truth springs up from the earth; justice looks down from heaven.” (v. 12)

III. Select Verses    
2-4: O LORD, You will favor Your land, restore Jacob’s fortune;  You will forgive Your people’s iniquity, pardon all their sins; Selah. You will withdraw all Your anger, turn away from Your rage.
6: Will You be angry with us forever, prolong Your wrath for all generations?
9: Let me hear what God, the LORD, will speak; He will promise well-being to His people, His faithful ones; may they not turn to folly.
11-14: Faithfulness and truth meet; justice and well-being kiss. Truth springs up from the earth; justice looks down from heaven.  The LORD also bestows His bounty; our land yields its produce. Justice goes before Him as He sets out on His way.

IV. Outline
1. Superscription
2-4. Account of salvation
5-8. Petition, rationale
9. Wish
10-14. Hymnic sermon/wish

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Gerstenberger, Erhard S. “Psalms Part 1 with an Introduction to Cultic Poetry” Forms of Old Testament Literature (Michigan: Eerdmans, 1988).
Tate, Marvin. “Psalms 51-100” Word Biblical Commentary vol. 20 (Waco, Texas: Wordbooks, 1990).
Photo copied from http://images.alphacoders.com/540/54059.jpg

Psalm 84 – “Zion Song”

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
The psalmist praises Zion, blesses its people, and asks God for his consideration.

II. Photo
The psalmist praises Zion: “Even the sparrow has found a home, and the swallow a nest for herself in which to set her young, near your altar, O Lord of hosts, my king and my God.” (v. 4)

III. Select Verses
3: I long, I yearn for the courts of the LORD; my body and soul shout for joy to the living God.
4-5: Even the sparrow has found a home, and the swallow a nest for herself in which to set her young, near Your altar, O LORD of hosts, my king and my God. Happy are those who dwell in Your house; they forever praise You. Selah.
6-8: Happy is the man who finds refuge in You, whose mind is on the [pilgrim] highways. They pass through the Valley of Baca, regarding it as a place of springs, as if the early rain had covered it with blessing. They go from rampart to rampart, appearing before God in Zion.
10: O God, behold our shield, look upon the face of Your anointed.
11: Better one day in Your courts than a thousand [anywhere else]; I would rather stand at the threshold of God’s house than dwell in the tents of the wicked.
13: O LORD of hosts, happy is the man who trusts in You.

IV. Outline
1. Superscription
2-4. Invocation, praise of Zion
5-8. Blessing/guarantee
9. Initial petition
10. Petition
11-12a. Rationale = praise/commitment
12b-13. Blessing/guarantee

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Gerstenberger, Erhard S. “Psalms Part 1 with an Introduction to Cultic Poetry” Forms of Old Testament Literature (Michigan: Eerdmans, 1988).
Tate, Marvin. “Psalms 51-100” Word Biblical Commentary vol. 20 (Waco, Texas: Wordbooks, 1990).
Photo copied from  http://www.selfhelpdaily.com/images/bird_babies-nest.jpg