Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
God chastises Israel’s leaders and promises to gather in the exiles.

II. Photo
A note about the rain: “Ask the Lord for rain in the season of late rain. It is the Lord who causes storms and he will provide rainstorms for them, grass in the fields for everyone!” (v. 1)

III. Select Verses
1: Ask the LORD for rain in the season of late rain. It is the LORD who causes storms; And He will provide rainstorms for them, Grass in the fields for everyone.
2-3: For the teraphim spoke delusion, The augurs predicted falsely; And dreamers speak lies And console with illusions. That is why My people have strayed like a flock, They suffer for lack of a shepherd. My anger is roused against the shepherds, And I will punish the he-goats. For the LORD of Hosts has taken thought In behalf of His flock, the House of Judah; He will make them like majestic chargers in battle.
6: I will give victory to the House of Judah, And triumph to the House of Joseph. I will restore them, for I have pardoned them, And they shall be as though I had never disowned them; For I the LORD am their God, And I will answer their prayers.
10-12: I will bring them back from the land of Egypt And gather them from Assyria; And I will bring them to the lands of Gilead and Lebanon, And even they shall not suffice for them.  A hemmed-in force shall pass over the sea And shall stir up waves in the sea; And all the deeps of the Nile shall dry up. Down shall come the pride of Assyria, And the scepter of Egypt shall pass away. But I will make them mighty through the LORD, And they shall march proudly in His name — declares the LORD.

IV. Outline
1. God brings the rain
2-3a. Israel has been mislead
3b-7. The Israelites will become mighty warriors
8-10. God will ingather the exiles
11. Assyria and Egypt will fall
12. Israel’s future pride

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Smith, Ralph L. “Micah – Malachi” World Biblical Commentary v. 32 (Word Books: 1984).
Photo taken from http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_kzj0EvsWDqc/TJW5tbMVSUI/AAAAAAAAAW8/MBdXnPppMzc/s1600/girl-dancing-rain.jpg

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
God will protect the Israelites and take control of Aram, Phoenicia, and Philistia.

II. Photo
Israel will be saved: “Rejoice greatly, fair Zion, raise a shout, fair Jerusalem! Lo, your king is coming to you. He is victorious, triumphant, yet humble, riding on an ass, on a donkey foaled by a she-ass.” (v. 9)

III. Select Verses
3-4: Tyre has built herself a fortress; She has amassed silver like dust, And gold like the mud in the streets. But my Lord will impoverish her; He will defeat her forces at sea, And she herself shall be consumed by fire.
6b-7: I will uproot the grandeur of Philistia. But I will clean out the blood from its mouth, And the detestable things from between its teeth. Its survivors, too, shall belong to our God: They shall become like a clan in Judah, And Ekron shall be like the Jebusites.
9: Rejoice greatly, Fair Zion; Raise a shout, Fair Jerusalem! Lo, your king is coming to you. He is victorious, triumphant, Yet humble, riding on an ass, On a donkey foaled by a she-ass.
10: He shall banish chariots from Ephraim And horses from Jerusalem; The warrior’s bow shall be banished. He shall call on the nations to surrender, And his rule shall extend from sea to sea And from ocean to land’s end.
16-17: The LORD their God shall prosper them On that day; [He shall pasture] His people like sheep. [They shall be] like crown jewels glittering on His soil. How lovely, how beautiful they shall be, Producing young men like new grain, Young women like new wine!

IV. Outline
1a. Introduction
1b-2. God will have dominion in the northern lands
3-4. Tyre will be destroyed
5-7. The Philistines will be subsumed by Judah
8. God’s protection
9-10. The greatness of Israel’s future king
11-16. Military power
17. Prosperity

V. Comment
Chapter 9 begins the second part of Zechariah, called “Second Zechariah” by some scholars. Collin writes: “The last six chapters of the book of Zechariah are among the most obscure and difficult passages in the Hebrew Bible. Although they have been classified as part of the book of Zechariah since the Middle Ages, the attribution is coincidental. There is no mention of Zechariah in these chapters. They were simply copied after the oracles of Zechariah in ancient manuscripts. Conversely, it is not apparent that the book of Malachi was originally distinguished from the preceding oracles, or that Malachi (“my messenger”) was the name of a prophet. All the material in Zechariah 9-14 and Malachi may be regarded as a collection of anonymous oracles that was appended to the collection of Minor Prophets, although the chapters conventionally attributed to Malachi are more coherent than Zechariah 9-14… Most of these oracles appear to have been written with specific situations in mind, but it is no longer possible to reconstruct with any confidence what these situations were.” (412)

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Smith, Ralph L. “Micah – Malachi” World Biblical Commentary v. 32 (Word Books: 1984).
Photo taken from http://www.mccullagh.org/db9/1ds-4/man-riding-donkey.jpg

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
God will rebuild Jerusalem and the people will prosper with religious fervor.

II. Photo
Jerusalem will flourish: “Thus said the Lord of Hosts: There shall yet be old men and women in the squares of Jerusalem, each with staff in hand because of their great age.” (v. 4)

III. Select Verses
2-3: Thus said the LORD of Hosts: I am very jealous for Zion, I am fiercely jealous for her. Thus said the LORD: I have returned to Zion, and I will dwell in Jerusalem. Jerusalem will be called the City of Faithfulness, and the mount of the LORD of Hosts the Holy Mount.
4-5: Thus said the LORD of Hosts: There shall yet be old men and women in the squares of Jerusalem, each with staff in hand because of their great age. And the squares of the city shall be crowded with boys and girls playing in the squares.
7-8: Thus said the LORD of Hosts: I will rescue My people from the lands of the east and from the lands of the west, and I will bring them home to dwell in Jerusalem. They shall be My people, and I will be their God — in truth and sincerity.
19: Thus said the LORD of Hosts: The fast of the fourth month, the fast of the fifth month, the fast of the seventh month, and the fast of the tenth month shall become occasions for joy and gladness, happy festivals for the House of Judah; but you must love honesty and integrity.
23:  Thus said the LORD of Hosts: In those days, ten men from nations of every tongue will take hold — they will take hold of every Jew by a corner of his cloak and say, “Let us go with you, for we have heard that God is with you.”

IV. Outline
1. Introduction
2. God’s passion for Zion
3. God will rebuild Jerusalem
4-5. Jerusalem will be filled with young and old
6. God argues his point
7-8. God will gather in the exiles
9-13. God encourages the people and recommits himself
14-15. God’s pledge to change his ways
16-17. Condition: the people are to act uprightly
18-19. The fast days will become joyous
20-22. Repopulation and commitment to God
23. Judeans will be seeked by foreigners

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Smith, Ralph L. “Micah – Malachi” World Biblical Commentary v. 32 (Word Books: 1984).
Photo taken from http://www.positivelife.ie/dev/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Happy-Old-People.jpg

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
God tells the people to keep fasting and blames them for their exile.

II. Photo
God parrots the people: “Just as when [God] called they would not listen, ‘So,’ said the Lord of Hosts, ‘let them call and I will not listen.’” (v. 13)

III. Select Verses
5-7: Say to all the people of the land and to the priests: When you fasted and lamented in the fifth and seventh months all these seventy years, did you fast for my benefit? And when you eat and drink, who but you does the eating, and who but you does the drinking?  Look, this is the message that the LORD proclaimed through the earlier prophets, when Jerusalem and the towns about her were peopled and tranquil, when the Negeb and the Shephelah were peopled.
9-10: Thus said the LORD of Hosts: Execute true justice; deal loyally and compassionately with one another. Do not defraud the widow, the orphan, the stranger, and the poor; and do not plot evil against one another.
11-12: But they refused to pay heed. They presented a balky back and turned a deaf ear. They hardened their hearts like adamant against heeding the instruction and admonition that the LORD of Hosts sent to them by His spirit through the earlier prophets; and a terrible wrath issued from the LORD of Hosts.
14: I dispersed them among all those nations which they had not known, and the land was left behind them desolate, without any who came and went. They caused a delightful land to be turned into a desolation.

IV. Outline

1-3. Introduction
    1. Time period
    2-3. A message for God
4-7. Oracle #1
    4. Introduction
    5-7. God tells the people to fast
8-14. Oracle #2
    8. Introduction
    9-10. Live with kindness and fairness
    11-13. The people ignored God
    14. God exiled the people and desolated their land

V. Comment
Chapter 7 begins with people asking about the fast of the seventh month. In fact, Smith points out that fasting is a common theme in the book of Zechariah: “Four different fasts are mentioned by Zechariah: one in the fourth month (8:18), the fifth month (7:3; 8:18), the seventh month (7:5, 8:18), and the tenth month (8:18). Zechariah does not identify the specific day of each of these tour months on which the fasts were held or the occasion(s) commemorated by the fasts. Ackroyd (207) suggests that the fast of the tenth month was in memory of the siege of Jerusalem in 588 BC (cf 2 Kgs 25:1). The fast of the fourth month probably commemorated the capture of Jerusalem in 587 BC (cf 2 Kgs 25:2–3; Jer 39:2). The fast of the fifth month was for the burning of the temple in 587 BC (2 Kgs 25:8), and the fast of the seventh month was probably for remembering the assassination of Gedaliah, the governor of Judah after the fall of Jerusalem (2 Kgs 25:25; Jer 41:1–2). However, the fast of the seventh month could refer to the Day of Atonement.” (222-223)

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Smith, Ralph L. “Micah – Malachi” World Biblical Commentary v. 32 (Word Books: 1984).
Photo taken from http://img528.imageshack.us/img528/3294/headachexm6.gif

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Zechariah sees four chariots and God tells him that a man named Zemah will build the temple.

II. Photo
Zechariah has a vision: “Four chariots were coming out from between the two mountains… the horses of the second chariot were black.” (vv. 1-2)

III. Select Verses
1-5: I looked up again, and I saw: Four chariots were coming out from between the two mountains; the mountains were of copper. The horses of the first chariot were bay, the horses of the second chariot were black;  the horses of the third chariot were white, and the horses of the fourth chariot were spotted — dappled. And I spoke up and asked the angel who talked with me: “What are those, my lord?” In reply, the angel said to me, “Those are the four winds of heaven coming out after presenting themselves to the Lord of all the earth.
11-13: Take silver and gold and make crowns. Place [one] on the head of High Priest Joshua son of Jehozadak, and say to him, “Thus said the LORD of Hosts: Behold, a man called the Branch shall branch out from the place where he is, and he shall build the Temple of the LORD. He shall build the Temple of the LORD and shall assume majesty, and he shall sit on his throne and rule. And there shall also be a priest seated on his throne, and harmonious understanding shall prevail between them.”
15: Men from far away shall come and take part in the building of the Temple of the LORD, and you shall know that I have been sent to you by the LORD of Hosts — if only you will obey the LORD your God!

IV. Outline

1-8. Vision of four chariots and the interpretation
    1-3. The vision
    4-8. The interpretation
9-15. God speaks to Zechariah
    9. Introduction
    10-11. Crowning Joshua the high priest
    12-13. Tzemah, the builder of the temple
    14. The two crowns
    15. The builders of the temple

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Photo taken from http://znn2009.freeblog.hu/files/horses%20in%20the%20snow.png

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Zechariah has visions of a flying scroll and a magical pot.

II. Photo
Zechariah has a vision: “’What do you see?’ he asked. And I replied, ‘A flying scroll, twenty cubits long and ten cubits wide.’” (v. 2)

III. Select Verses
1-4: I looked up again, and I saw a flying scroll.  “What do you see?” he asked. And I replied, “A flying scroll, twenty cubits long and ten cubits wide.”  “That,” he explained to me, “is the curse which goes out over the whole land. For everyone who has stolen, as is forbidden on one side [of the scroll], has gone unpunished; and everyone who has sworn [falsely], as is forbidden on the other side of it, has gone unpunished.  [But] I have sent it forth — declares the LORD of Hosts — and [the curse] shall enter the house of the thief and the house of the one who swears falsely by My name, and it shall lodge inside their houses and shall consume them to the last timber and stone.”
7-11: And behold, a disk of lead was lifted, revealing a woman seated inside the tub.  “That,” he said, “is Wickedness”; and, thrusting her down into the tub, he pressed the leaden weight into its mouth. I looked up again and saw two women come soaring with the wind in their wings — they had wings like those of a stork — and carry off the tub between earth and sky.  “Where are they taking the tub?” I asked the angel who talked with me. And he answered, “To build a shrine for it in the land of Shinar; [a stand] shall be erected for it, and it shall be set down there upon the stand.”

IV. Outline
1-4. Vision of a flying scroll and its interpretation
5-11. Vision of a lead tub, a sitting woman, and two women with wings

V. Comment
Chapter 5 relates two vision reports, the first about a scroll and the second about a lead vessel that is brought to the land of Shinar. Where is the land of Shinar? Davila writes that Shinar is “a name for the region of Babylonia (Gen 10:10). It can be called either the “land of Shinar” or simply “Shinar.” The first mention of the “land of Shinar” (Gen 10:10…) calls it the mainstay or beginning of the kingdom of Nimrod. In it were found the cities Babel (Babylon), Accad (Agade), Erech (Uruk), and possibly Calneh. According to Gen 11:2 the early human race settled in a valley in the “land of Shinar” and began to build the abortive Tower of Babel. Abraham had a hostile encounter with a coalition of four kings, one of whom was “Amraphel king of Shinar” (Gen 14:1, 9). When the Israelites were thwarted in their conquest of Ai because Achan had stolen some of the “devoted things,” one of the items he stole was a (presumably valuable) “cloak of Shinar” (Josh 7:21). An oracle in the book of Isaiah promises that a remnant of Yahweh’s people will be returned from many places, including “Shinar” (Isa 11:11). After the Exile the prophet Zechariah saw a vision in which the sin of the people, personified as a woman, is transported to the “land of Shinar” in an ephah (a large container) and set up in a temple there (Zech 5:11). The book of Daniel relates that Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, removed some of the vessels from the temple of God in Jerusalem and took them to the “land of Shinar,” where he placed them in the temple treasury of his own god (Dan 1:2).
“The meaning of Shinar is clear from the biblical references. It is the area known to the Mesopotamians as “the land of Sumer and Akkad,” corresponding to the portion of modern Iraq S of Baghdad. This meaning is confirmed by the LXX, Targum Onqelos, and the Genesis Apocryphon. All three sometimes translate “Shinar” as Babylon(ia).
“The question of the origin of the name “Shinar” is more difficult. It first appears in Egypt in the 15th century B.C.E. as Sngr. In cuneiform texts of roughly the same period it is SÁanh˙aru. One suggestion is that Shinar is derived from “Sumer.” This identification, however, is phonologically impossible, since it cannot explain the origin of the third consonant ({ayin, original géayin), which never appears in any form of “Sumer.” A more plausible etymology has recently been proposed by Ran Zadok (1984). He believes that Shinar derives from cuneiform Samh˙aru®, apparently the name of a Kassite tribe. The Kassites were rulers of Babylon during the period when the term “Shinar” was used in Egyptian and cuneiform sources. There is no strong phonological objection to this etymology, and it may be that peoples W of the Euphrates generalized the name of a familiar Kassite tribe until it became a term for the whole region of Babylonia. Such generalizations are common. For example, the Greeks called themselves “Hellenes,” but the Roman word for them was “Greeks,” Graeci, Graii, after a Hellene tribal name or geographical location.”  (“Shinar (Place), Anchor Bible Dictionary, 5:1,220)

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Photo taken from http://www.johnpratt.com/items/docs/lds/meridian/2003/images/scroll.jpg

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Zerubbabel will successfully build the temple.

II. Photo
Zechariah has a vision: “He said to me, ‘What do you see?’ And I answered, ‘I see a lampstand all of gold, with a bowl above it.’” (v. 2a)

III. Select Verses
1: The angel who talked with me came back and woke me as a man is wakened from sleep.
2-3: He said to me, “What do you see?” And I answered, “I see a lampstand all of gold, with a bowl above it. The lamps on it are seven in number, and the lamps above it have seven pipes; and by it are two olive trees, one on the right of the bowl and one on its left.”
6-7: Then he explained to me as follows: “This is the word of the LORD to Zerubbabel: Not by might, nor by power, but by My spirit — said the LORD of Hosts. Whoever you are, O great mountain in the path of Zerubbabel, turn into level ground! For he shall produce that excellent stone; it shall be greeted with shouts of ‘Beautiful! Beautiful!’”
10b-14: “Those seven are the eyes of the LORD, ranging over the whole earth.” “And what,” I asked him, “are those two olive trees, one on the right and one on the left of the lampstand?”  And I further asked him, “What are the two tops of the olive trees that feed their gold through those two golden tubes?”  He asked me, “Don’t you know what they are?” And I replied, “No, my lord.” Then he explained, “They are the two anointed dignitaries who attend the Lord of all the earth.”

IV. Outline
1. Zechariah is woken
2-3. The seven branched lamp and the olive trees
4-6a. Introduction to the interpretation
6b-7. Oracle for Zerubbabel
8. Second Introduction
9-10a. Zerubbabel will succeed with God’s help
10b-14. The interpretation

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Photo taken from http://theartblog.org/blog/wp-content/uploaded/bowl.jpg

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Zechariah sees Joshua the high priest standing before a divine council. God rebukes the Satan, promises to remove Israel’s guilt, and vows to bring peace to the land.

II. Photo
God will bring prosperity: “In that day — declares the Lord of Hosts — you will be inviting each other to the shade of vines and fig trees.” (v. 10)

III. Select Verses
1-2: He further showed me Joshua, the high priest, standing before the angel of the LORD, and the Accuser standing at his right to accuse him. But the angel of the LORD said to the Accuser,“The LORD rebuke you, O Accuser; may the LORD who has chosen Jerusalem rebuke you! For this is a brand plucked from the fire.”
3-4: Now Joshua was clothed in filthy garments when he stood before the angel.  The latter spoke up and said to his attendants, “Take the filthy garments off him!” And he said to him, “See, I have removed your guilt from you, and you shall be clothed in [priestly] robes.”
6-7: And the angel of the LORD charged Joshua as follows:  “Thus said the LORD of Hosts: If you walk in My paths and keep My charge, you in turn will rule My House and guard My courts, and I will permit you to move about among these attendants.
10: In that day — declares the LORD of Hosts — you will be inviting each other to the shade of vines and fig trees.”

IV. Outline
1. Joshua stands with God’s angel and the Satan
2. God will reprimand the Satan
3-4. Joshua removes his filthy clothes and the interpretation
5. Joshua is given a headband
6-7. Joshua is told to follow God and promised a reward
8-9. Act and its interpretation
10. Future blessing

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Photo taken from http://www.roomu.net/files/user2/parras.jpg

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Zechariah has visions and his angel relates their meaning. God promises to return to Jerusalem.

II. Photo
Zechariah has a vision: “I looked up, and I saw a man holding a measuring line. ‘Where are you going?’ I asked. ‘To measure Jerusalem,’ he replied, ‘to see how long and wide it is to be.’” (vv. 5-6)

III. Selected Verses
1-4: I looked up, and I saw four horns. I asked the angel who talked with me, “What are those?” “Those,” he replied, “are the horns that tossed Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem.” Then the LORD showed me four smiths.  “What are they coming to do?” I asked. He replied: “Those are the horns that tossed Judah, so that no man could raise his head; and these men have come to throw them into a panic, to hew down the horns of the nations that raise a horn against the land of Judah, to toss it.”
11-12: Away, escape, O Zion, you who dwell in Fair Babylon! For thus said the LORD of Hosts — He who sent me after glory — concerning the nations that have taken you as spoil: “Whoever touches you touches the pupil of his own eye.
14: Shout for joy, Fair Zion! For lo, I come; and I will dwell in your midst — declares the LORD.
16: The LORD will take Judah to Himself as His portion in the Holy Land, and He will choose Jerusalem once more.

IV. Outline

1-2. Vision of horns and the interpretation
3-4. Vision of artisans and the interpretation
5-9. Vision of a man measuring Jerusalem and its interpretation
10-14. Oracle
    10-11. Zion should return
    12-13. The punishers will be punished
    14. God will return to Zion
15a. The nations will return to God
15b. Recognition of God formula
16. God will return to Jerusalem
17. Awe of God

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Photo taken from http://www.treklens.com/gallery/photo19154.htm

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
God urges the people to return to him, Zechariah sees a man with supernatural horses, and an angel convinces God to rebuild the temple.

II. Photo
Zechariah has a night vision: “In the night, I had a vision. I saw a man, mounted on a bay horse, standing among the myrtles in the deep.” (v. 8a)

III. Selected Verses
1: In the eighth month of the second year of Darius, this word of the LORD came to the prophet Zechariah son of Berechiah son of Iddo.
3b-4: Thus said the LORD of Hosts: Turn back to me — says the LORD of Hosts — and I will turn back to you — said the LORD of Hosts. Do not be like your fathers! For when the earlier prophets called to them, “Thus said the LORD of Hosts: Come, turn back from your evil ways and your evil deeds, they did not obey or give heed to Me — declares the LORD.
12-13: Thereupon the angel of the LORD exclaimed, “O LORD of Hosts! How long will You withhold pardon from Jerusalem and the towns of Judah, which You placed under a curse seventy years ago?” The LORD replied with kind, comforting words to the angel who talked with me.
16-17: Assuredly, thus said the LORD: I graciously return to Jerusalem. My House shall be built in her — declares the LORD of Hosts — the measuring line is being applied to Jerusalem. Proclaim further: Thus said the LORD of Hosts: My towns shall yet overflow with bounty. For the LORD will again comfort Zion; He will choose Jerusalem again.”

IV. Outline

1-6. Oracle
    1. Superscription
    2. God’s anger at the fathers
    3-6. Plea for the people to return to God, unlike their fathers
7-17. Vision report
    7. Superscription
    8-11. A man with horses that roam the earth
    12. An angel petitions God about Jerusalem
    13. God comforts the angel
    14-15. Oracle: God is angry for Jerusalem
    16-17. God will rebuild the temple and Jerusalem

V. Comment
The book of Zechariah can be broken into two units, chapters 1-8 and 9-14, and some scholars call these sections First and Second Zechariah. While little is known about the man Zechariah, we are told that he prophesied during the second year of Darius (=520 BCE). This is corroborated by the book of Ezra: “Then the prophets, Haggai the prophet and Zechariah son of Iddo, prophesied to the Jews in Judah and Jerusalem, inspired by the God of Israel.” (Ezra 5:1) Similarly, Ezra 6:14-15 says: “So the elders of the Jews progressed in the building, urged on by the prophesying of Haggai the prophet and Zechariah son of Iddo, and they brought the building to completion under the aegis of the God of Israel and by the order of Cyrus and Darius and King Artaxerxes of Persia. The house was finished on the third of the month of Adar in the sixth year of the reign of King Darius.”

Chapter 1 begins with an oracle asking the people to return to God, and concludes with a vision report. Zechariah, who is accompanied by an angel, sees a man with horses who travel around world. Collins notes that Zechariah, who prophesied at the beginning of the Persian period, can be viewed as a “link” between the early prophets and the apocalyptic writers of the late and post biblical periods: “These visions are innovative in another respect: they are interpreted for the prophet by an angel (who is often called ‘the interpreting angel or angelus interpres in modern scholarship). There is some precedent for this kind of vision in the book of Amos, where the Lord asks Amos what he sees and then explains it to him (e.g., Amos 8:1-2, where a basket of summer fruit symbolizes the ‘end’ that is coming on Israel). Zechariah visions are more elaborate than those of Amos, but less elaborate than what we will find in the later apocalyptic visions of the book of Daniel. It may be significant that symbolic visions of this kind are also known in Persian tradition.  (In the Bahman Yasht, Zoroaster sees a tree with metal branches, which is explained to hum by the god Ahura Mazda.) It is possible that Zechariah’s visions reflect Persian influence, but the point cannot be proven. In any case, the introduction of the interpreting angel is a significant innovation in the Hebrew prophetic tradition. With respect to their literary form the visions of Zechariah may be said to mark a transitional stage between the visions of the older prophets and the later apocalyptic writers.” (405)

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Photo taken from http://ucp.totfarm.com/pics/pic_11922174902222.jpg