Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Sennacherib invades Judah and sends an officer to Jerusalem. The officer tells the people to surrender, but they do not respond.

II. Photo
The people of Jerusalem are urged to capitulate: “Make your peace with me and come out to me, so that you may all eat from your vines and your fig trees!” (v. 16)

III. Important Verses
1: In the fourteenth year of King Hezekiah, King Sennacherib of Assyria marched against all the fortified towns of Judah and seized them.
4-7: The Rabshakeh said to them, “You tell Hezekiah: Thus said the Great King, the king of Assyria: What makes you so confident? I suppose mere talk makes counsel and valor for war! Look, on whom are you relying, that you have rebelled against me? You are relying on Egypt, that splintered reed of a staff, which enters and punctures the palm of anyone who leans on it. That’s what Pharaoh king of Egypt is like to all who rely on him. And if you tell me that you are relying on the LORD your God, He is the very one whose shrines and altars Hezekiah did away with, telling Judah and Jerusalem, ‘You must worship only at this altar!’
11-12: Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah replied to the Rabshakeh, “Please, speak to your servants in Aramaic, since we understand it; do not speak to us in Judean in the hearing of the people on the wall.” But the Rabshakeh replied, “Was it to your master and to you that my master sent me to speak those words? It was precisely to the men who are sitting on the wall — who will have to eat their dung and drink their urine with you.”
18-20: Beware of letting Hezekiah mislead you by saying, ‘The LORD will save us.’ Did any of the gods of the other nations save his land from the king of Assyria? Where were the gods of Hamath and Arpad? Where were the gods of Sepharvaim? And did they save Samaria from me? Which among all the gods of those countries saved their countries from me, that the LORD should save Jerusalem from me?”

IV. Outline
1. Historical note: Sennacherib marches on Judah
2-3. The Rabshakeh meets the leaders of Jerusalem
4-10. The Rabshakeh’s message: Join the Assyrian forces
11. The leaders wish to converse in Aramaic
12-20. The Rabshakeh urges Jerusalem’s inhabitants to surrender
21. The people remain silent
22. Hezekiah is informed of the Rabshakeh incident

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. “Isaiah 1-39” The Anchor Bible vol. 19 (New York: Doubleday, 2000).
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Sweeney, Marvin A. “Isaiah 1-39 with an Introduction to Prophetic Literature” The Forms of Old Testament Literature vol. 16 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 1996).
Photo taken from http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3575/3830697358_f9e87f7cb7_o.jpg

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
The deserts will bloom, the sick will be healed, the people will walk righteously, and the exiles will return to Jerusalem.

II. Photo
God will heal the sick: “Then the eyes of the blind shall be opened, and the ears of the deaf shall be unstopped. Then the lame shall leap like a deer!” (vv. 5-6a)

III. Important Verses
1-2: The arid desert shall be glad, The wilderness shall rejoice And shall blossom like a rose. It shall blossom abundantly, It shall also exult and shout. It shall receive the glory of Lebanon, The splendor of Carmel and Sharon. They shall behold the glory of the LORD, The splendor of our God.
5-6: Then the eyes of the blind shall be opened, And the ears of the deaf shall be unstopped. Then the lame shall leap like a deer, And the tongue of the dumb shall shout aloud; For waters shall burst forth in the desert, Streams in the wilderness.
8-9: And a highway shall appear there, Which shall be called the Sacred Way. No one unclean shall pass along it, But it shall be for them. No traveler, not even fools, shall go astray. No lion shall be there, No ferocious beast shall set foot on it — These shall not be found there. But the redeemed shall walk it;
10: And the ransomed of the LORD shall return, And come with shouting to Zion, Crowned with joy everlasting. They shall attain joy and gladness, While sorrow and sighing flee.

IV. Outline
1-2. The deserts will blossom
3-4. God will take revenge
5-6a. The sick will be healed
6b-7. The land will flourish
8-9. People will travel along the “sacred way”
10. The exiles will return

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. “Isaiah 1-39” The Anchor Bible vol. 19 (New York: Doubleday, 2000).
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Sweeney, Marvin A. “Isaiah 1-39 with an Introduction to Prophetic Literature” The Forms of Old Testament Literature vol. 16 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 1996).
Photo taken from http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_shNfb4kWu0g/SMEMsXeFZVI/AAAAAAAABM0/G6uXXhEP52I/s400/Deer-leaping-winter.png

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
God will punish the Edomites and turn their land into a desert.

II. Photo
Edom will become a wasteland: “There the arrow-snake shall nest and lay eggs, and shall brood and hatch in its shade.” (v. 15a)

III. Important Verses
1-3: Approach, O nations, and listen, Give heed, O peoples! Let the earth and those in it hear; The world, and what it brings forth. For the LORD is angry at all the nations, Furious at all their host; He has doomed them, consigned them to slaughter. Their slain shall be left lying, And the stench of their corpses shall mount; And the hills shall be drenched with their blood.
8: For it is the LORD’s day of retribution, The year of vindication for Zion’s cause.
9-12: Its streams shall be turned to pitch And its soil to sulfur. Its land shall become burning pitch, Night and day it shall never go out; Its smoke shall rise for all time. Through the ages it shall lie in ruins; Through the aeons none shall traverse it. Jackdaws and owls shall possess it; Great owls and ravens shall dwell there. He shall measure it with a line of chaos And with weights of emptiness. It shall be called, “No kingdom is there,” Its nobles and all its lords shall be nothing.
16: Search and read it in the scroll of the LORD: Not one of these shall be absent, Not one shall miss its fellow. For His mouth has spoken, It is His spirit that has assembled them,

IV. Outline

1. Call to the nations
2-4. God will punish the nations
5-17. The destruction of Edom
    5. Oracle: God’s sword will fall on Edom
    6-7. Edom’s animals will be slaughtered
    8. Zion will be avenged
    9. Edom will be burned
    10-15. Edom will become desolate
    16a. Guarantee
    16b-17. Conclusion

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. “Isaiah 1-39” The Anchor Bible vol. 19 (New York: Doubleday, 2000).
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Sweeney, Marvin A. “Isaiah 1-39 with an Introduction to Prophetic Literature” The Forms of Old Testament Literature vol. 16 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 1996).
Photo taken from http://www.snakepictures.co.uk/images/snake_picture_049.jpg

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Isaiah praises God and describes a time when the righteous will prosper in their land.

II. Photo
Isaiah praises God: “At [Your] roaring, peoples have fled, before Your majesty nations have scattered; And spoil was gathered as locusts are gathered, it was amassed as grasshoppers are amassed.” (vv. 3-4)

III. Important Verses
1: Ha, you ravager who are not ravaged, You betrayer who have not been betrayed! When you have done ravaging, you shall be ravaged; When you have finished betraying, you shall be betrayed.
7-9: Hark! The Arielites cry aloud; Shalom’s messengers weep bitterly. Highways are desolate, Wayfarers have ceased. A covenant has been renounced, Cities rejected Mortal man despised. The land is wilted and withered; ¶ Lebanon disgraced and moldering, Sharon is become like a desert, And Bashan and Carmel are stripped bare.
14-16: Sinners in Zion are frightened, The godless are seized with trembling: “Who of us can dwell with the devouring fire: Who of us can dwell with the never-dying blaze?” He who walks in righteousness, Speaks uprightly, Spurns profit from fraudulent dealings, Waves away a bribe instead of grasping it, Stops his ears against listening to infamy, Shuts his eyes against looking at evil — Such a one shall dwell in lofty security, With inaccessible cliffs for his stronghold, With his food supplied And his drink assured.
19: No more shall you see the barbarian folk, The people of speech too obscure to comprehend, So stammering of tongue that they are not understood.
24: And none who lives there shall say, “I am sick”; It shall be inhabited by folk whose sin has been forgiven.

IV. Outline

1. Prophetic curse: the ravaging city will be ravaged
2. Petition for divine protection
3-6. Hymnic praise: God is mighty and righteous
7-9. Lament: the land has become desolate
10-13. Oracle: God will burn the people like straw
14-16. Only the righteous will survive God’s wrath
17-24. Prophetic blessings
    17-19. The land will be populated and peaceful
    20-21. Glorious Zion 
    22-23. Salvation and spoils of war
    24. Health

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. “Isaiah 1-39” The Anchor Bible vol. 19 (New York: Doubleday, 2000).
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Sweeney, Marvin A. “Isaiah 1-39 with an Introduction to Prophetic Literature” The Forms of Old Testament Literature vol. 16 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 1996).
Photo taken from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/01/photogalleries/locust-swarm-theory-serotonin/images/primary/090130-04-swarm-theory-desert-locusts-461.jpg

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
The land will become desert and the cities will be abandoned. A righteous government will usher in an era of justice and prosperity.

II. Photo
Justice will prevail: “Behold, a king shall reign in righteousness, and ministers shall govern with justice; Every one of them shall be… like the shade of a massive rock in a languishing land.” (vv. 1-2)

III. Important Verses
1-2: Behold, a king shall reign in righteousness, And ministers shall govern with justice; Every one of them shall be Like a refuge from gales, A shelter from rainstorms; Like brooks of water in a desert, Like the shade of a massive rock In a languishing land.
5: No more shall a villain be called noble, Nor shall “gentleman” be said of a knave.
9-10: You carefree women, Attend, hear my words! You confident ladies, Give ear to my speech! In little more than a year, You shall be troubled, O confident ones, When the vintage is over And no ingathering takes place.
15-19: Till a spirit from on high is poured out on us, And wilderness is transformed into farm land, While farm land rates as mere brush. Then justice shall abide in the wilderness And righteousness shall dwell on the farm land. For the work of righteousness shall be peace, And the effect of righteousness, calm and confidence forever. Then my people shall dwell in peaceful homes, In secure dwellings, In untroubled places of rest. And the brush shall sink and vanish, Even as the city is laid low.

IV. Outline

1-8. Prophetic blessing
    1-2. A righteous government will rule
    3-8. The people will realize right from wrong
9-20. Prophetic curse and blessing
    9. Address to the women
    10. The crops will not yield fruit
    11-14. Exhortation to lament the coming distress
    15-19. Righteousness will heal the land
    20. Beatitude

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. “Isaiah 1-39” The Anchor Bible vol. 19 (New York: Doubleday, 2000).
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Sweeney, Marvin A. “Isaiah 1-39 with an Introduction to Prophetic Literature” The Forms of Old Testament Literature vol. 16 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 1996).
Photo taken from http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~dsomaya/2006/img/medium/dadly_cordero_the_rock_tree_md.jpg

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Isaiah rebukes those who seek Egyptian protection and urges the people to return to God.

II. Photo
Isaiah cuts the Egyptians down to size: “The Egyptians are man, not God! Their horses are flesh, not spirit!” (v. 3a)

III. Important Verses
1: Ha! Those who go down to Egypt for help And rely upon horses! They have put their trust in abundance of chariots, In vast numbers of riders, And they have not turned to the Holy One of Israel, They have not sought the LORD.
3: For the Egyptians are man, not God, And their horses are flesh, not spirit; And when the LORD stretches out His arm, The helper shall trip And the helped one shall fall, And both shall perish together.
6-9: Return, O children of Israel, to Him to whom they have been so shamefully false; for in that day everyone will reject his idols of silver and idols of gold, which your hands have made for your guilt. Then Assyria shall fall, Not by the sword of man; A sword not of humans shall devour him. He shall shrivel before the sword, And his young men pine away. His rock shall melt with terror, And his officers shall collapse from weakness — Declares the LORD, who has a fire in Zion, Who has an oven in Jerusalem.

IV. Outline
1-3. Admonition: those who seek Egyptian help shall fall
4-5. Basis for admonition: God will protect Jerusalem
6. Exhortation: return to God
7-9. Basis for exhortation: repentance will bring the downfall of Assyria

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. “Isaiah 1-39” The Anchor Bible vol. 19 (New York: Doubleday, 2000).
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Sweeney, Marvin A. “Isaiah 1-39 with an Introduction to Prophetic Literature” The Forms of Old Testament Literature vol. 16 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 1996).
Photo taken from http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/914/10016756.JPG

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Isaiah rebukes the people for rejecting God and turning to the Egyptians for help. He comforts them by describing the halcyon days to come.

II. Photo
God will punish the Assyrians: “[They will be thrown into] a firepit that has been made both wide and deep, with plenty of fire and firewood, and with the breath of the Lord burning in it like a stream of sulfur.” (v. 33)

III. Important Verses
1-3: Oh, disloyal sons! — declares the LORD — Making plans Against My wishes, Weaving schemes Against My will, Thereby piling Guilt on guilt — Who set out to go down to Egypt Without asking Me, To seek refuge with Pharaoh, To seek shelter under the protection of Egypt. The refuge with Pharaoh shall result in your shame; The shelter under Egypt’s protection, in your chagrin.
7: For the help of Egypt Shall be vain and empty. Truly, I call this, “They are a threat that has ceased.”
9-11: For it is a rebellious people, Faithless children, Children who refused to heed The instruction of the LORD; Who said to the seers, “Do not see,” To the prophets, “Do not prophesy truth to us; Speak to us falsehoods, Prophesy delusions. Leave the way! Get off the path! Let us hear no more About the Holy One of Israel!”
25b-28: On a day of heavy slaughter, when towers topple. And the light of the moon shall become like the light of the sun, and the light of the sun shall become sevenfold, like the light of the seven days, when the LORD binds up His people’s wounds and heals the injuries it has suffered. Behold the LORD Himself Comes from afar In blazing wrath, With a heavy burden — His lips full of fury, His tongue like devouring fire, And his breath like a raging torrent Reaching halfway up the neck — To set a misguiding yoke upon nations And a misleading bridle upon the jaws of peoples,
33: The Topheth has long been ready for [Assyria]; He too is destined for Melech — His firepit has been made both wide and deep, With plenty of fire and firewood, And with the breath of the LORD Burning in it like a stream of sulfur.

IV. Outline

1-5. Oracle #1 - The futility of Egyptian help
    1a. Introduction
    1b-2. God’s anger towards those who seek Egypt's help
    3-5. Egypt’s strentgh is superficial
6-7. “The beasts of the Negev” pronouncement
    6a. Introduction
    6b-7. Paying for Egyptian aid is futile
8. Directive to put the pronouncement to writing
9-11. The defiance of the people
12-14. Oracle #2 - God will punish those who rejected him
    12a. Introduction
    12b. Sin: rejecting God and relying on others
    13-14. Punishment: being shattered like a jug
15-17. Prophetic warning
    15-16a. Sin: the people rejected God’s message
    16b-17. Punishment: the people will flee before their enemies
18-25a. Prophetic blessing
    18. God will pardon the people
    19. God will listen to the people’s cry
    20a. The needy will be fed
    20b-21. The people will be led on the correct path
    22. The idols will be removed
    23-25a. The material prosperity to come
    25b-28. God will oppress the other nations
    29. The people will rejoice
    30-33. The punishment of the Assyrians

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. “Isaiah 1-39” The Anchor Bible vol. 19 (New York: Doubleday, 2000).
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Sweeney, Marvin A. “Isaiah 1-39 with an Introduction to Prophetic Literature” The Forms of Old Testament Literature vol. 16 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 1996).
Photo taken from http://audubonmagazine.org/features0611/images/photoEssayExtra3.jpg

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Jerusalem will outlast its enemies, its sinners will be eradicated, and the people will enjoy an idyllic future.

II. Photo
God will cure blindness: “In that day, the deaf shall hear even written words, and the eyes of the blind shall see even in darkness and obscurity!” (v. 18)

III. Important Verses
1: Ah, Ariel, Ariel, City where David camped! Add year to year, Let festivals come in their cycles!
5b-8: And suddenly, in an instant, She shall be remembered of the LORD of Hosts With roaring, and shaking, and deafening noise, Storm, and tempest, and blaze of consuming fire. Then, like a dream, a vision of the night, Shall be the multitude of nations That war upon Ariel, And all her besiegers, and the siegeworks against her, And those who harass her. Like one who is hungry And dreams he is eating, But wakes to find himself empty; And like one who is thirsty And dreams he is drinking, But wakes to find himself faint And utterly parched — So shall be all the multitude of nations That war upon Mount Zion.
10-12: For the LORD has spread over you A spirit of deep sleep, And has shut your eyes, the prophets, And covered your heads, the seers; So that all prophecy has been to you Like the words of a sealed document. If it is handed to one who can read and he is asked to read it, he will say, “I can’t, because it is sealed”; and if the document is handed to one who cannot read and he is asked to read it, he will say, “I can’t read.”
15-16: Ha! Those who would hide their plans Deep from the LORD! Who do their work in dark places And say, “Who sees us, who takes note of us?” How perverse of you! Should the potter be accounted as the clay? Should what is made say of its Maker, “He did not make me,” And what is formed say of Him who formed it, “He did not understand?”

IV. Outline

1. Wish for Jerusalem
2-4. The siege of Jerusalem
5-8. The impotence of the enemy
9-14. God baffles the enemy’s leaders
    9-10. Depriving the leaders of their senses
    11-12. Example: reading a letter
    13. Sin: the people serve God by rote
    14. Punishment: the leaders lose their wisdom
15-16. Foolish beliefs
17-21. Prophecies
    17. Clearing the forests of Lebanon
    18. The deaf and blind will be cured
    19. The lowly will be raised up
    20-21. Evil men will perish
22-24. Oracle: A strong, holy, and enlightened future for Israel

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. “Isaiah 1-39” The Anchor Bible vol. 19 (New York: Doubleday, 2000).
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Sweeney, Marvin A. “Isaiah 1-39 with an Introduction to Prophetic Literature” The Forms of Old Testament Literature vol. 16 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 1996).
Photo taken from http://www.braillewithoutborders.org/GERMAN/braille.jpg

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
Ephraim’s drunkards will be killed and Judah’s sinners will be swept away. Isaiah explains that God punishes his people for a reason, much like a farmer who beats a crop of cumin.

II. Photo
God punishes his people for a reason: “For [God] teaches him the right manner… [much like] black cumin which is beaten out with a stick and cumin with a rod.” (vv. 26-27)

III. Important Verses
7-13: But these are also muddled by wine And dazed by liquor: Priest and prophet Are muddled by liquor; They are confused by wine, They are dazed by liquor; They are muddled in their visions, They stumble in judgment. Yea, all tables are covered With vomit and filth, So that no space is left.  “To whom would he give instruction? To whom expound a message? To those newly weaned from milk, Just taken away from the breast? That same mutter upon mutter, Murmur upon murmur, Now here, now there!” Truly, as one who speaks to that people in a stammering jargon and an alien tongue is he who declares to them, “This is the resting place, let the weary rest; this is the place of repose.” They refuse to listen. To them the word of the LORD is: “Mutter upon mutter, Murmur upon murmur, Now here, now there.” And so they will march, But they shall fall backward, And be injured and snared and captured.
23-28:  Give diligent ear to my words, Attend carefully to what I say. Does he who plows to sow Plow all the time, Breaking up and furrowing his land?  When he has smoothed its surface, Does he not rather broadcast black cumin And scatter cumin, Or set wheat in a row, Barley in a strip, And emmer in a patch? For He teaches him the right manner, His God instructs him. So, too, black cumin is not threshed with a threshing board, Nor is the wheel of a threshing sledge rolled over cumin; But black cumin is beaten out with a stick And cumin with a rod. It is cereal that is crushed. For even if he threshes it thoroughly, And the wheel of his sledge and his horses overwhelm it, He does not crush it.
29: That, too, is ordered by the LORD of Hosts; His counsel is unfathomable, His wisdom marvelous.

IV. Outline

1-13. Condemnation for Ephraim
    1-4. Doom for the drunkards of Ephraim
    5-6. The coming glory of God
    7-13. Doom for the drunken leaders of Ephraim
14-22. Condemnation of Judah’s arrogance
    14. Exhortation
    15. The pride of the Judeans
    16-19. Oracle: God will protect those who trust in him and punish the sinners
    20-22. Summation: God will perform his task
23-28. Analogy: God punishes his people like a farmer beats cumin
29. Praise of God’s wisdom

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. “Isaiah 1-39” The Anchor Bible vol. 19 (New York: Doubleday, 2000).
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Sweeney, Marvin A. “Isaiah 1-39 with an Introduction to Prophetic Literature” The Forms of Old Testament Literature vol. 16 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 1996).
Photo taken from http://timeinthekitchen.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/seed-and-powdered-cumin-1024×938.jpg

Hebrew-English Text
I. Summary
The people will sing an allegorical song about God’s ingathering of the exiles.

II. Photo
God tends to his vineyard: “I the Lord keep watch over it, I water it every moment; That no harm may befall it, I watch it night and day.” (v. 3)

III. Important Verses
1: In that day the LORD will punish, With His great, cruel, mighty sword Leviathan the Elusive Serpent — Leviathan the Twisting Serpent; He will slay the Dragon of the sea.
6: [In days] to come Jacob shall strike root, Israel shall sprout and blossom, And the face of the world Shall be covered with fruit.
7-8: Was he beaten as his beater has been? Did he suffer such slaughter as his slayers? Assailing them with fury unchained, His pitiless blast bore them off On a day of gale.
12-13: And in that day, the LORD will beat out [the peoples like grain] from the channel of the Euphrates to the Wadi of Egypt; and you shall be picked up one by one, O children of Israel! And in that day, a great ram’s horn shall be sounded; and the strayed who are in the land of Assyria and the expelled who are in the land of Egypt shall come and worship the LORD on the holy mount, in Jerusalem.

IV. Outline

1. God will conquer the Leviathan
2-6. A vineyard song
    2. Introduction
    3. God's protection
    4-5. God protects those who follow him and punish those who don’t
6. Israel will prosper in the land
7-8. God punished Israel’s oppressors
10-11. The desolation of the enemy’s city
12-13. The exiles will return

V. Comment
No comment today. Stay tuned.

VI. Works Used
(see “Commentaries” page)
Blenkinsopp, Joseph. “Isaiah 1-39” The Anchor Bible vol. 19 (New York: Doubleday, 2000).
Collins, John J. “Introduction to the Hebrew Bible,” (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004).
Sweeney, Marvin A. “Isaiah 1-39 with an Introduction to Prophetic Literature” The Forms of Old Testament Literature vol. 16 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 1996).
Photo taken from http://www.turbophoto.com/Free-Photos/FreeRandomImages_881F/RedGrapesonVine.jpg